Democratic Republic of Congo
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Open Budget Survey Results
Public Participation
35
Budget Oversight
44
Transparency
42
Open Budget Survey 2021
Government budget decisions – what taxes to levy, what services to provide, and how much debt to take on – have important consequences for all people in society. When governments provide information and meaningful channels for the public to engage in these decisions, we can better ensure public money is spent on public interests.
The Open Budget Survey (OBS) is the world’s only independent, comparative and fact-based research instrument that uses internationally accepted criteria to assess public access to central government budget information; formal opportunities for the public to participate in the national budget process; and the role of budget oversight institutions, such as legislatures and national audit offices, in the budget process.
The survey helps local civil society assess and confer with their government on the reporting and use of public funds. This 8th edition of the OBS covers 120 countries.
This part of the OBS measures public access to information on how the central government raises and spends public resources. It assesses the online availability, timeliness, and comprehensiveness of eight key budget documents using 109 equally weighted indicators and scores each country on a scale of 0 to 100. A transparency score of 61 or above indicates a country is likely publishing enough material to support informed public debate on the budget.
Transparency in Democratic Republic of Congo compared to others
How has the transparency score for Democratic Republic of Congo changed over time?
Public availability of budget documents in Democratic Republic of Congo
| Document | 2010 | 2012 | 2015 | 2017 | 2019 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Budget Statement | ||||||
| Executive’s Budget Proposal | ||||||
| Enacted Budget | ||||||
| Citizens Budget | ||||||
| In-Year Reports | ||||||
| Mid-Year Review | ||||||
| Year-End Report | ||||||
| Audit Report |
How comprehensive is the content of the key budget documents that Democratic Republic of Congo makes available to the public?
| Key budget document | Document purpose and contents | Fiscal year assessed | Document content score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Budget Statement | Discloses the broad parameters of fiscal policies in advance of the Executive's Budget Proposal; outlines the government's economic forecast, anticipated revenue, expenditures, and debt. | 2021 | 84 |
| Executive’s Budget Proposal | Submitted by the executive to the legislature for approval; details the sources of revenue, the allocations to ministries, proposed policy changes, and other information important for understanding the country's fiscal situation. | 2021 | 53 |
| Enacted Budget | The budget that has been approved by the legislature. | 2020 | 67 |
| Citizens Budget | A simpler and less technical version of the government's Executive’s Budget Proposal or the Enacted Budget, designed to convey key information to the public. | 2020 | 50 |
| In-Year Reports | Include information on actual revenues collected, actual expenditures made, and debt incurred at different intervals; issued quarterly or monthly. | 2020 | 41 |
| Mid-Year Review | A comprehensive update on the implementation of the budget as of the middle of the fiscal year; includes a review of economic assumptions and an updated forecast of budget outcomes. | 2020 | 33 |
| Year-End Report | Describes the situation of the government's accounts at the end of the fiscal year and, ideally, an evaluation of the progress made toward achieving the budget's policy goals. | 2019 | Internal Use |
| Audit Report | Issued by the supreme audit institution, this document examines the soundness and completeness of the government's year-end accounts. | 2018 | Internal Use |
Democratic Republic of Congo’s transparency score of 42 in the OBS 2021 is moderately higher than its score in 2019.
What changed in OBS 2021?
Democratic Republic of Congo has increased the availability of budget information by:
Recommendations
Democratic Republic of Congo should prioritize the following actions to improve budget transparency:
- On macroeconomic data: the level of nominal GDP; the inflation rate; real GDP growth; and the interest rate (short and long term), the employment and unemployment rate; the GDP deflator; the price of oil and other commodities; the current account; the exchange rate and the composition of GDP growth;
- On the public debt: the interest rates that apply to the maturity profile of the debt; the internal or external nature of the debt; the composition of public debt at the end of the fiscal year. In addition: the nature of the interest rates (fixed or variable); the enforceability of the debt; the currency of the debt; the profile of creditors (bilateral institutions, multilateral institutions, commercial banks, central banks, etc.); the analysis of the risk associated with the debt and, if applicable, what the debt finances;
- Alternative presentations of expenditure to illustrate the financial impact of policies on different groups of citizens (eg by gender, age, income or region);
- Quasi-fiscal activities;
- Financial and non-financial assets held by the government and expenditure arrears.
The OBS assesses the formal opportunities offered to the public for meaningful participation in the different stages of the budget process. It examines the practices of the central government’s executive, the legislature, and the supreme audit institution (SAI) using 18 equally weighted indicators, aligned with the Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency’s Principles of Public Participation in Fiscal Policies , and scores each country on a scale from 0 to 100.
Democratic Republic of Congo has a public participation score of 35 (out of 100).
Public participation in Democratic Republic of Congo compared to others
For more information, see here for innovative public participation practices around the world.
Extent of opportunities for public participation in the budget process
(executive)
(legislature)
(executive)
(supreme audit institution)
Recommendations
Democratic Republic of Congo's Ministry of Finance has established public consultations during budget formulation but, to further strengthen public participation in the budget process, should also prioritize the following actions:
Democratic Republic of Congo's Parliament (the National Assembly and the Senate) has (through their Economic and Financial Commissions) established public hearings related to the approval of the annual budget, but should also prioritize the following actions:
Democratic Republic of Congo's Court of Accounts should prioritize the following actions to improve public participation in the budget oversight process:
The OBS examines the role that legislatures and supreme audit institutions (SAIs) play in the budget process and the extent to which they provide oversight; each country is scored on a scale from 0 to 100 based on 18 equally weighted indicators. In addition, the survey collects supplementary information on independent fiscal institutions (see Box).
The legislature and supreme audit institution in Democratic Republic of Congo, together, provide limited oversight during the budget process, with a composite oversight score of 44 (out of 100). Taken individually, the extent of each institution’s oversight is shown below:
Legislative oversight
Audit oversight
Recommendations
Democratic Republic of Congo's Parliament provides limited oversight during the planning stage of the budget cycle and weak oversight during the implementation stage. To improve oversight of the budget, the following actions should be prioritized:
To strengthen the independence of, and improve audit oversight by, the Supreme Audit Institution (the Court of Accounts) of the DRC, the following actions are recommended:
The emerging practice of establishing independent fiscal institutions
Democratic Republic of Congo does not have an independent fiscal institution (IFI). IFIs are increasingly recognized as valuable independent and nonpartisan information providers to the Executive and/or Parliament during the budget process.
*These indicators are *not* scored in the Open Budget Survey.
Methodology
- Only documents published and events, activities, or developments that took place through 31 December 2020 were assessed in the OBS 2021.
- The survey is based on a questionnaire completed in each country by an independent budget expert:
Bishop Abraham DJAMBA SAMBA wa SHAKO; Ir. Jean Jacques MPINDU KABWA ka NTANDA
Réseau Gouvernance Economique et Démocratie (REGED)
92, av Baraka, 3e niveau, Commune de Kinshasa, Ville de Kinshasa - RDC
[email protected]
- To further strengthen the research, each country’s draft questionnaire is also reviewed by an anonymous independent expert, and in Democratic Republic of Congo by a representative of the Ministry of Finance.