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Peru

Which countries lead in budget accountability? Which ones need improvement? Explore our data and recommendations for each of the 125 countries assessed.
Open Budget Survey Results

Public Participation

35

Budget Oversight

76

Transparency

71

Open Budget Survey 2023

Government budget decisions – what taxes to levy, what services to provide, and how much debt to take on – have important consequences for all people in society. When governments provide information and meaningful channels for the public to engage in these decisions, we can better ensure public money is spent on public interests.

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The Open Budget Survey (OBS) is the world’s only independent, comparative and fact-based research instrument that uses internationally accepted criteria to assess public access to central government budget information; formal opportunities for the public to participate in the national budget process; and the role of budget oversight institutions, such as legislatures and national audit offices, in the budget process.

The survey helps local civil society assess and confer with their government on the reporting and use of public funds. This 9th edition of the OBS covers 125 countries.

Summary
Country Specific Assessments
Country summary EN
pdf, 243.43 KB
Questionnaire EN
pdf, 1.1 MB
71 /100

This part of the OBS measures public access to information on how the central government raises and spends public resources. It assesses the online availability, timeliness, and comprehensiveness of eight key budget documents using 109 equally weighted indicators and scores each country on a scale of 0 to 100. A transparency score of 61 or above indicates a country is likely publishing enough material to support informed public debate on the budget.

Transparency in Peru compared to others

Global Average
45
Brazil
80
Peru
71
Chile
60
Argentina
51
Colombia
50
Paraguay
48
Ecuador
48
Bolivia
11
Venezuela
0
0
Insufficient
61
Sufficient
100

Peru’s ranking: 18 of 125 countries

0
100

How has the transparency score for Peru changed over time?

57
2012
75
2015
73
2017
76
2019
61
2021
71
2023
0
Insufficient
61
Sufficient
100

Public availability of budget documents in Peru

Key
Available to the Public
Published Late, or Not Published Online, or Produced for Internal Use Only
Not Produced
Scroll
Document 2012 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Pre-Budget Statement
Executive’s Budget Proposal
Enacted Budget
Citizens Budget
In-Year Reports
Mid-Year Review
Year-End Report
Audit Report

How comprehensive is the content of the key budget documents that Peru makes available to the public?

Key
61-100 / 100
41-60 / 100
1-40 / 100
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Key budget document Document purpose and contents Fiscal year assessed Document content score
Pre-Budget Statement Discloses the broad parameters of fiscal policies in advance of the Executive's Budget Proposal; outlines the government's economic forecast, anticipated revenue, expenditures, and debt. 2023 100
Executive’s Budget Proposal Submitted by the executive to the legislature for approval; details the sources of revenue, the allocations to ministries, proposed policy changes, and other information important for understanding the country's fiscal situation. 2023 73
Enacted Budget The budget that has been approved by the legislature. 2023 78
Citizens Budget A simpler and less technical version of the government's Executive’s Budget Proposal or the Enacted Budget, designed to convey key information to the public. 2022 58
In-Year Reports Include information on actual revenues collected, actual expenditures made, and debt incurred at different intervals; issued quarterly or monthly. 2022 96
Mid-Year Review A comprehensive update on the implementation of the budget as of the middle of the fiscal year; includes a review of economic assumptions and an updated forecast of budget outcomes. 2022 56
Year-End Report Describes the situation of the government's accounts at the end of the fiscal year and, ideally, an evaluation of the progress made toward achieving the budget's policy goals. 2021 48
Audit Report Issued by the supreme audit institution, this document examines the soundness and completeness of the government's year-end accounts. 2021 67

Peru’s transparency score of 71 in the OBS 2023 is moderately higher than its score in 2021.

What changed in OBS 2023?

Peru has increased the availability of budget information by:

Publishing the Pre-Budget Statement and Year-End Report online.

Recommendations

Peru should prioritize the following actions to improve budget transparency:

Include in the Year-End Report comparisons between planned nonfinancial outcomes and actual outcomes and comparisons between the original macroeconomic forecast and actual outcomes.
Improve the comprehensiveness of the Mid-Year Review by expanding information on expenditure estimates by program, including an administrative and functional classification, and presenting updated expenditure estimates for the budget year underway, as well as broadening the coverage of updated estimates on revenues and debt for the budget year underway.
Expand the inclusiveness and participatory aspects of the Citizens Budget (CB) production process by formalizing one or multiple accessible and citizens-friendly mechanisms to identify the public’s requirements for budget information to be included in the CB. Citizens awareness and engagement in the budget process can also be encouraged by publishing "citizens" versions of other key budget documents throughout the budget cycle.
35 /100

The OBS assesses the formal opportunities offered to the public for meaningful participation in the different stages of the budget process. It examines the practices of the central government’s executive, the legislature, and the supreme audit institution (SAI) using 18 equally weighted indicators, aligned with the Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency’s Principles of Public Participation in Fiscal Policies , and scores each country on a scale from 0 to 100.

Peru has a public participation score of 35 (out of 100).

Public participation in Peru compared to others

Global Average
15
Peru
35
Colombia
20
Ecuador
20
Argentina
17
Brazil
17
Bolivia
15
Chile
11
Paraguay
9
Venezuela
0
0
Insufficient
61
Sufficient
100

For more information, see here  for innovative public participation practices around the world.

Extent of opportunities for public participation in the budget process

40
/100
Formulation
(executive)
56
/100
Approval
(legislature)
0
/100
Implementation
(executive)
67
/100
Audit
(supreme audit institution)
Key
0-40: Few
41-60: Limited
61-100: Adequate

Recommendations

Peru's Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas has established a council during budget formulation but, to further strengthen public participation in the budget process, should also prioritize the following actions:

Pilot mechanisms to monitor budget implementation.
Expand mechanisms during budget formulation to engage any civil society organization or member of the public who wishes to participate.
Actively engage with vulnerable and underrepresented communities, directly or through civil society organizations representing them.

Peru's Congreso de la República has established submissions related to the approval of the annual budget and submissions related to the review of the Audit Report, but should also prioritize the following actions:

Allow any member of the public or any civil society organization to testify during its hearings on the budget proposal prior to its approval.
Provide feedback to the public on how CSOs’ inputs have been used during legislative deliberations on the annual budget.
Allow any member of the public or any civil society organization to testify during its hearings on the Audit Report.
76 /100

The OBS examines the role that legislatures and supreme audit institutions (SAIs) play in the budget process and the extent to which they provide oversight; each country is scored on a scale from 0 to 100 based on 18 equally weighted indicators. In addition, the survey collects supplementary information on independent fiscal institutions (see Box).

The legislature and supreme audit institution in Peru, together, provide adequate oversight during the budget process, with a composite oversight score of 76 (out of 100). Taken individually, the extent of each institution’s oversight is shown below:

Legislative oversight

0
72
100
adequate

Audit oversight

0
83
100
adequate
Key
0-40: Few
41-60: Limited
61-100: Adequate

Recommendations

Peru's Congreso de la República provides adequate oversight during the planning stage of the budget cycle and adequate oversight during the implementation stage. To further improve oversight, the following actions should be prioritized:

The legislature should debate budget policy before the Executive’s Budget Proposal is tabled and approve recommendations for the upcoming budget.
A legislative committee should examine in-year budget implementation and publish reports with their findings online.

To strengthen independence and improve audit oversight by the Peru Contraloría General de la República, the following actions are recommended:

Ensure audit processes are reviewed by an independent agency.

The emerging practice of establishing independent fiscal institutions

IBP also collects information on the role of independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) – independent, nonpartisan institutions, normally attached to the executive or legislature that make fiscal forecasts and estimate the cost of policies. Currently, only 39 countries participating in the Open Budget Survey have IFIs, and in Latin America and the Caribbean, there are only 6 countries with such institutions, with Peru included among them.

Peru’s independent fiscal institution (IFI) is the Consejo Fiscal. Its independence is set in law, and it reports to the executive. It publishes an assessment of the official macroeconomic and fiscal forecasts produced by the executive.

The indicators on IFIs are not scored in the Open Budget Survey.

Methodology

Only documents published and events, activities, or developments that took place through 31 December 2022 were assessed in the OBS 2023.
 
The survey is based on a questionnaire completed in each country by an independent budget expert:
Caroline Gibu, Directora Ejecutiva
Ciudadano al Día (CAD)
Jr. Sánchez Cerro Nº 2050, Jesús María, Lima - Perú
[email protected]
To further strengthen the research, each country’s draft questionnaire is also reviewed by an anonymous independent expert, and in Peru by a representative of the Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas.
Past reports
Years
Language
Country summary EN
PDF, en
Questionnaire EN
PDF, en
Country summary ES
PDF, es
Country summary EN
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Questionnaire EN
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Country summary ES
PDF, es
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary ES
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Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
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Country summary ES
PDF, ES
Questionnaire EN
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Country summary EN
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Country summary ES
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Country summary ES
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Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary ES
PDF, ES