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Mongolia

Which countries lead in budget accountability? Which ones need improvement? Explore our data and recommendations for each of the 125 countries assessed.
Open Budget Survey Results

Public Participation

19

Budget Oversight

80

Transparency

62

Open Budget Survey 2023

Government budget decisions – what taxes to levy, what services to provide, and how much debt to take on – have important consequences for all people in society. When governments provide information and meaningful channels for the public to engage in these decisions, we can better ensure public money is spent on public interests.

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The Open Budget Survey (OBS) is the world’s only independent, comparative and fact-based research instrument that uses internationally accepted criteria to assess public access to central government budget information; formal opportunities for the public to participate in the national budget process; and the role of budget oversight institutions, such as legislatures and national audit offices, in the budget process.

The survey helps local civil society assess and confer with their government on the reporting and use of public funds. This 9th edition of the OBS covers 125 countries.

Summary
Country Specific Assessments
Country summary EN
pdf, 239.68 KB
Questionnaire EN
pdf, 1.2 MB
62 /100

This part of the OBS measures public access to information on how the central government raises and spends public resources. It assesses the online availability, timeliness, and comprehensiveness of eight key budget documents using 109 equally weighted indicators and scores each country on a scale of 0 to 100. A transparency score of 61 or above indicates a country is likely publishing enough material to support informed public debate on the budget.

Transparency in Mongolia compared to others

Global Average
45
New Zealand
87
Australia
78
South Korea
71
Russia
66
Japan
63
Mongolia
62
China
20
0
Insufficient
61
Sufficient
100

Mongolia’s ranking: 36 of 125 countries

0
100

How has the transparency score for Mongolia changed over time?

51
2012
51
2015
46
2017
56
2019
60
2021
62
2023
0
Insufficient
61
Sufficient
100

Public availability of budget documents in Mongolia

Key
Available to the Public
Published Late, or Not Published Online, or Produced for Internal Use Only
Not Produced
Scroll
Document 2012 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Pre-Budget Statement
Executive’s Budget Proposal
Enacted Budget
Citizens Budget
In-Year Reports
Mid-Year Review
Year-End Report
Audit Report

How comprehensive is the content of the key budget documents that Mongolia makes available to the public?

Key
61-100 / 100
41-60 / 100
1-40 / 100
Scroll
Key budget document Document purpose and contents Fiscal year assessed Document content score
Pre-Budget Statement Discloses the broad parameters of fiscal policies in advance of the Executive's Budget Proposal; outlines the government's economic forecast, anticipated revenue, expenditures, and debt. 2023 83
Executive’s Budget Proposal Submitted by the executive to the legislature for approval; details the sources of revenue, the allocations to ministries, proposed policy changes, and other information important for understanding the country's fiscal situation. 2023 60
Enacted Budget The budget that has been approved by the legislature. 2023 33
Citizens Budget A simpler and less technical version of the government's Executive’s Budget Proposal or the Enacted Budget, designed to convey key information to the public. 2023 67
In-Year Reports Include information on actual revenues collected, actual expenditures made, and debt incurred at different intervals; issued quarterly or monthly. 2022 89
Mid-Year Review A comprehensive update on the implementation of the budget as of the middle of the fiscal year; includes a review of economic assumptions and an updated forecast of budget outcomes. 2022 18
Year-End Report Describes the situation of the government's accounts at the end of the fiscal year and, ideally, an evaluation of the progress made toward achieving the budget's policy goals. 2021 79
Audit Report Issued by the supreme audit institution, this document examines the soundness and completeness of the government's year-end accounts. 2021 62

Mongolia’s transparency score of 62 in the OBS 2023 is near its score in 2021.

What changed in OBS 2023?

Mongolia has increased the availability of budget information by:

Publishing the Mid-Year Review online.

Recommendations

Mongolia should prioritize the following actions to improve budget transparency:

Improve the comprehensiveness of the Mid-Year review by incorporating comparisons between macroeconomic execution and updated forecasts, providing expenditure estimates categorized by classification and program, and including detailed revenue information.
Include in the Enacted Budget details on revenues for the budget year as well as expenditures by a comprehensive economic classification and functional classification.
19 /100

The OBS assesses the formal opportunities offered to the public for meaningful participation in the different stages of the budget process. It examines the practices of the central government’s executive, the legislature, and the supreme audit institution (SAI) using 18 equally weighted indicators, aligned with the Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency’s Principles of Public Participation in Fiscal Policies , and scores each country on a scale from 0 to 100.

Mongolia has a public participation score of 19 (out of 100).

Public participation in Mongolia compared to others

Global Average
15
South Korea
65
New Zealand
55
Australia
37
Russia
33
Japan
26
Mongolia
19
China
0
0
Insufficient
61
Sufficient
100

For more information, see here  for innovative public participation practices around the world.

Extent of opportunities for public participation in the budget process

0
/100
Formulation
(executive)
33
/100
Approval
(legislature)
25
/100
Implementation
(executive)
33
/100
Audit
(supreme audit institution)
Key
0-40: Few
41-60: Limited
61-100: Adequate

Recommendations

Mongolia's Ministry of Finance has established online reporting during budget implementation but, to further strengthen public participation in the budget process, should also prioritize the following actions:

Pilot mechanisms to engage the public during budget formulation.
Actively engage with vulnerable and underrepresented communities, directly or through civil society organizations representing them.

Mongolia's State Great Khural has established submissions related to the approval of the annual budget, but should also prioritize the following actions:

Allow any member of the public or any civil society organization to testify during its hearings on the budget proposal prior to its approval.
Allow members of the public or civil society organizations to testify during its hearings on the Audit Report.

Mongolia's National Audit Office has established mechanisms for the public to assist in developing its audit program. It should prioritize the following actions to improve public participation in the budget process:

Establish formal mechanisms for the public to contribute to relevant audit investigations.
Provide the public with feedback on how citizens’ inputs have been used to determine its audit program.
80 /100

The OBS examines the role that legislatures and supreme audit institutions (SAIs) play in the budget process and the extent to which they provide oversight; each country is scored on a scale from 0 to 100 based on 18 equally weighted indicators. In addition, the survey collects supplementary information on independent fiscal institutions (see Box).

The legislature and supreme audit institution in Mongolia, together, provide adequate oversight during the budget process, with a composite oversight score of 80 (out of 100). Taken individually, the extent of each institution’s oversight is shown below:

Legislative oversight

0
75
100
adequate

Audit oversight

0
89
100
adequate
Key
0-40: Few
41-60: Limited
61-100: Adequate

Recommendations

Mongolia's State Great Khural provides adequate oversight during the planning stage of the budget cycle and limited oversight during the implementation stage. To further improve oversight, the following actions should be prioritized:

A legislative committee should examine in-year budget implementation and publish reports with their findings online.
In practice, ensure the legislature is consulted before the executive shifts funds specified in the Enacted Budget between administrative units during the budget year.

The emerging practice of establishing independent fiscal institutions

Mongolia’s independent fiscal institution (IFI) is the Fiscal Stability Council . Its independence is set in law, and it reports to the legislature. It publishes an assessment of the official macroeconomic and fiscal forecasts produced by the executive. 

The indicators on IFIs are not scored in the Open Budget Survey.

Methodology

Only documents published and events, activities, or developments that took place through 31 December 2022 were assessed in the OBS 2023.
The survey is based on a questionnaire completed in each country by independent budget experts. The independent budget experts for Mongolia's survey are:

Oyunbadam Davaakhuu and Narantuya Chuluunbat
Open Society Forum
[email protected]
To further strengthen the research, each country’s draft questionnaire is also reviewed by an anonymous independent expert, and in Mongolia by a representative of the Ministry of Finance.
Past reports
Years
Language
Country summary EN
PDF, en
Questionnaire EN
PDF, en
Country summary MN
PDF, mn
Country summary EN
PDF, en
Questionnaire EN
PDF, en
Country summary RU
PDF, ru
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary RU
PDF, RU
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Country summary RU
PDF, RU
Country summary RU
PDF, RU
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Country summary EN
PDF, EN
Questionnaire EN
PDF, EN